Water Pollution in Bangladesh - 1429 Words

Water Pollution in Bangladesh INTRODUCTION Water is the most vital element among the natural resources, and is crucial for the survival of all living organisms. The environment, economic growth and development of Bangladesh are all highly influenced by water - its regional and seasonal availability, and the quality of surface and groundwater. Spatial and seasonal availability of surface and groundwater is highly responsive to the monsoon climate and physiography of the country. Availability also depends on upstream withdrawal for consumptive and nonconsumptive uses. In terms of quality, the surface water of the country is unprotected from untreated industrial effluents and municipal wastewater, runoff pollution from chemical fertilizers†¦show more content†¦Water quality data at two stations of the river Buriganga in 1998, Hazaribag and Chadnighat, showed that DO and BOD exceeded the tolerable limits in the months of January, February, March and December, with the worst situation prevailing in the months of January a nd February The seasonal variation of water quality in the Buriganga is linked with seasonal variation of water flow and the operation of tanneries. Source: Department of Environment, 2000) Groundwater Pollution Groundwater has different uses, but the standard for its quality was set nationally. Groundwater was treated as the best source of safe drinking water, before arsenic contamination was reported. However, 54 per cent of hand pumped tubewells were found to have fecal contamination, due to poor wellhead design, faulty construction and management, but the aquifers themselves were not polluted (Hoque, 1998). Source: SWMC Arsenic High levels of arsenic in groundwater can cause serious human health problems if imbibed for a long time (from 5 to 15 years); including skin ailments, damage to internal organs, skin and lung cancers, and eventual death. The recent major studies carried out on arsenic reveal that among 30,000 tubewells studied, 2,000 of them exceeded the national standard of 0.05 mg/l for drinking purposes (the WHO guideline is 0.01 mg/l). The problem is acute in tubewells abstracting groundwater from 10 m to 100 m depths in the Southeast, South Central (the northern part only), and SouthwestShow MoreRelatedInadequate Sanitary Facilities At Dhaka Water And Sewerage Authority ( Dwasa ) Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesin Bangladesh. 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However, it must be noted that Nike, Inc. had been present in Bangladesh since 1991; therefore, it took the company twenty yearsRead MoreChallenges And Challenges Of Urban Transportation1699 Wor ds   |  7 Pages ASSIGNMENT ON CHALLENGES ON URBAN TRANSPORTATION IN BANGLADESH Course Title: Urban Governance Development Course Code: 213 SUBMITTED TO Nusrat Jahan Chowdhury Assistant Professor Department of Public administration University Of Dhaka SUBMITTED BY Salman Rushdi Roll no. BE-042-093 BSS 3RD SEMESTER, 2ND YEAR SUBMISSION DATE: 07.05.2016 Transport is a significant element of economic activity in all countries but especially so in those that are developing. Since ancient times, cities andRead MoreThe Ganges River : Indias Ancient Culture And Civilization1315 Words   |  6 Pagesdip into the water of the Ganges will purify their souls from all committed sins in the past, so they can go to heaven. 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My Ethical Views on Physician Assisted Suicide Essay

My Ethical Views on Physician Assisted Suicide Physician assisted suicide is immoral in the case of people who are alive and desire to terminate their life. However, there are extreme cases when hastening the dying process is justified in the circumstances of individuals who are in intense physical impairment. Physician-assisted suicide is defined as the practice where a physician provides a patient with a lethal dose of medication, upon the patients request, which the patient desires to use to end his or her life. The Harvard Medical School conferred that we are dead when there is permanent loss of consciousness in the higher brain, even though one may not be flat lined.†¦show more content†¦Improperly managed physical symptoms can add to physician error and end a life too early when an individuals suffering can be eased in other manners that could prolong life. Death is one of the most feared experiences a person will ever face. The suffering that is associated with death may outweigh the actual suffering the patient feels, and doctors may overlook this due to the faà §ade the patient may play in order to exercise their right to die. Another aspect of physician assisted suicide is this procedure devalues the lives of those who are disabled. A family may feel that it would ease their financial burden if their loved one committed suicide and desired to aid them in the process. However, if those are not the true wishes of the individual, how can we put a price on a persons life, the only chance we will ever have to partake in this experience? For a medical doctor, there is a sense of obligation to the individual to ease their suffering. The conflicting problem is that the assisted suicides cannot be effectively and properly regulated; the lines are too fuzzy as to where we can draw the limitations. A rights ethicist would argue the moral questions that it is the duty of physicians to do no harm#8230;and those rules are justified by reference to a general conception of personal and social welfare. The rights that are weighed desire to balance the risks to be taken against the possible good that could be attained throughShow MoreRelatedEthical Considerations in Dealing with Changes in the Healthcare System929 Words   |  4 Pagessociety, ethical considerations are becoming a major factor in dealing with changes in the healthcare system. A topic of consideration that creates controversial discussion is the subject of physician-assisted suicide. Physician-assisted suicide is described as the act in which a physician provides the means necessary for the client to perform the act of suicide. The issue of physician-assisted suicide is viewed through many different perspectives. The topic of physician-assisted suicide has beenRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicid e1580 Words   |  7 Pagesvice and virtue, this paper explores the relevance of Aristotle’s moral philosophy in modern day and will be applied to the contemporary ethical issue surrounding physician assisted suicide. By exploring Aristotle’s work through primary and secondary sources, this paper will discuss the greater good and happiness as it relates to not only the patient or physician, but as a member of a greater social circle and that of society because to Aristotle the role of the individual is less important than theirRead MoreThe Ethics of Euthanasia Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesmisery, however in the state of North Carolina, physician-assisted suicide is illegal. Luckily, her father passed away this year and is finally free of pain and suffering. However, if physician-assisted suicide was legal, her father would not have had to suffer as long as he did. Before we explore the sides of physician-assisted suicide, let’s go over exactly what physician-assisted suicide entails. When the topic of physician-assisted suicide comes up, many individuals believe it is the sameRead MoreWhat Is Black And White Anymore? Death With Dignity Laws994 Words   |  4 Pagesmentally competent, terminally ill adults to request a prescription medication from their physician for hastening their death. Commonly also described as physician-assisted suicide, Physician-assisted dying, aid in dying, or medical aid-in-dying. (death with dignity, n.d.) This includes clearly the establishment of the needed knowledge intentionally as well as knowingly to an individual so that he or she can commit suicide. This knowledge may involve counseling the person on the lethal drug doses in termsRead MoreThe Ethical Considerations Of Ethics1132 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Considerations Ethics is one of the most important considerations when making a decision about end of life. It is also where the most controversy lies as arguments, using ethical theories, can be made for and against laws on end of life. â€Å"Ethics has at least two primary functions: to guide our actions, and to provide justification for the guidance given† (Schuklenk et al., 2011, p. 42). A duty-oriented ethicist would be against euthanasia and physician assisted death. They believe â€Å"weRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Terminally Ill Patient Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagestheir loved ones linger in pain and physician-assisted suicide provides this exact opportunity for the patient to truly experience and cherishes the last moments, painlessly. A terminally ill patient should be able to decide whether or not they want to continue fighting, especially when they feel that the suffering is not worth the fight anymore. No one should make that decision for them or prohibit them fro m making it. Consider that physician-assisted suicide brings the patient an end to pain andRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal935 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscusses the ethics of physician-assisted suicide. In the process of physician-assisted suicide, a doctor purposefully provides a terminally ill patient with the means to take their own life. This is often confused with active euthanasia; however, they are not the same thing. In euthanasia, the doctor administers the lethal drug to the patient, but in physician-assisted suicide, the patient must take the lethal drugs themselves. There is much debate over physician-assisted suicide today. Some peopleRead MoreA Death Of One s Own968 Words   |  4 Pagesmake decisions on his own. All of these individuals present different, yet similar issues regarding end of their life care. This film describes the importance of advance directives, the arguments surrounding physician assisted suicide, and this prompted me to form my own opinion on preparing my own directives and thoughts on these tough decisions. This film explains the legal role of advance directives in end of life issues. An advance directive is â€Å"a written document directing how medicalRead MoreNew Client. Professor__. English___. 2/28/17. The Implications1182 Words   |  5 Pagesdebate regarding the rights of an individual to make that choice. The article â€Å"A Doctor-Assisted Disaster for Medicine† loosely examines the negative implications of assisted suicide laws on patients. Toffler’s article sheds light upon how the law has changed the relationship between patients and their medical provider. Toffler suggests that many individuals are forcefully driven to pursue physician assisted suicide as treatment. In result, many mentally ill patients are wrongfully admitted to a procedureRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia1707 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide or PAS are deaths caused by a lethal dose of drug, such as barbiturate, that is prescribed by a physician. The physician does not administer the drug; instead, the patient is responsible for getting the prescribed drug in the pharmacy and taking the medication to end his or her life. This alternative option applies to patients who can make informed decision, suffer from an incurable illness, and experience intolerable symptoms (Canadian Virtual Hospice, 2015)).[Extra bracket]

Holistic Care to Cancer Patients

Question: Discuss about the Holistic Care to Cancer Patients. Answer: Introduction The chosen article i.e. Bahrami (2010), talks about the role of nurses in delivering holistic care to the cancer patient population and was chosen for its relevance in the present context because one of the major value delivered by healthcare industry focuses on the quality of palliative care delivered to the terminally-ill patients such as cancer patients through differentiating measures like timely care and minimizing discomfort (Porter, 2010). The author talks about the holistic approach that needs to be considered by a nurse for delivering effective Quality of Life (QOL) to a cancer patient. It aims to determine the similarity in understanding of the term QOL between patients and nurses by determining the perceptions of a patient about the QOL and how these perceptions match with those of a nurse delivering healthcare to such patients. Because delivery of holistic healthcare involves understanding individual, environment and patients views to make healthcare decisions (Pelzang, 2010), article becomes very important to study while studying holistic healthcare. Literature review Author has attempted to make a concise and precise literature review of the factors affecting research question, how the research question is affected by them, availability of historical data relevant to the topic and the lacuna existing in this historical data. The literature of the chosen research article talks about the role of nurses in supportive care of the cancer patients. It talks about the importance of identification of physio-psycho-social needs of the patients by the nurse in delivering effective palliative care. Next, the author talks about the role of nurses' perceptions about the QOL of cancer patients in delivering effective healthcare to them. This affects the healthcare delivery since the value of services often depend upon the perceptions of the individuals delivering it and receiving it (King Hinds, 2011). Hence, this becomes a crucial factor in delivering good QOL to cancer patients. Based on the above mentioned arguments, author talks about the similarity of thoughts between nurses and patients regarding the QOL perceptions to make this approach effective. Next the author mentions the current level of agreement existing between nurses and patients regarding QOL by talking about existing literature. Apparently, the existing literature is insufficient and argues for further studies to solidify the research findings. Author further talks about the lack of good researches about the level of agreement existing between patients and nursing care professional and hence justifies the need for current research. Methodology The methodology used by the authors to study the efficiency of nurse in the delivery of holistic care to cancer patients is primary research based method which is administering a questionnaire upon the selected sample population. As detailed by Key (1997), questionnaires are an effective method of capturing the behaviours, emotions, perceptions, etc. of the sample population in a standardized and resource effective manner (time and cost). However, at times the same questionnaires can be a challenge to assess the changes in these behaviours, emotions, perceptions, etc. (Introduction to research, n.d.). Further, questionnaires are also a good way of avoiding interviewers bias from the study conducted. The sample population seems to be quite variable as evident from the fact that two specialists and five non-specialist wards were used as source of sample population. In questionnaires, one of the major criteria for success is the coverage of various type of sample population. Hence, greater heterogeneity is preferred in the sample population which ensures capturing of all sorts of population types via the sample. Further, use of convenience sampling further increases the chances of randomness and variability in the data. Hence, variability in the data was maintained through many processes. However, the one aspect of sampling that can be questioned is the geographic coverage of the sample population. Sample sources were from the single city while another approach ensuring greater variability and better perceptions coverage could have been taking one source per city and hence covering at least 3 cities. Physical limitations of the researchers can be taken into account to discount this fact. Further, in case of nurses sampling, again random sampling approach was utilised and nurses who stated that they knew the patient and consented to take part in the study. Other than these, dedicated nurses to an individual cancer patient could also have been identified and included in the sample population. Further, researcher himself expresses a concern regarding the ratio of patient population vs. nurses included in the survey. Ethics consideration Ethical considerations to be made while conducting clinical research include the voluntariness of the research participants and their informed consent. It should be made sure that the participants are not exploited and their privacy and confidentiality is maintained which is what even the current authors have done. A standard of transparency and accountability should be maintained so that all the procedures happen in fair and just manner. To ensure this, consents were taken from the relevant Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the three hospitals. Specific sample population was chosen so that the study can be conducted only for people who consented to it. Such people are also aware/made aware of their rights and responsibilities, repercussions of the research and their right to withdraw at any stage of the research. This ensures that the ethical considerations of the research are completely met. Significant results To keep the data analysis simple and hence manageable, exact agreement was the metric used by the author to analyse the data. Subsequent studies can be made upon the same data to determine the role of interactions between a pair of two dimensions out of the four studied. This can be then extended to interaction of each dimension individually with the other dimensions and find out the relative significance of each in determining the necessary level of training nurse require to meet the perception gap under study. Even though in the methodology section authors talk about the proportion difference in the number of nurses and patients used for critical analysis, the results do not mention any appropriate steps taken to account for such missing population. Further, the results talk about the demographic data of the nurses taken as sample. However, similar data for the patient population is missing even though some data in the section on sampling implies that while selecting the patient population some differentiating factors had been used (patients of age above 18). The author doesnt mention anything about the patients and nurses who failed to respond during the follow-ups and how he accounted for them (Young Solomon, 2009). Discussion The article attempts to further enlarge the sphere of knowledge present in the medical literature regarding the perception gap existing between nurses and cancer-ridden patient towards delivery of holistic care to the patient. Though simplistic in its analytical approach, it still acts as a step in the ladder reaching towards the patient-centered healthcare delivery systems leading to improved quality of care, increased satisfaction with healthcare and improved health outcomes (Morgan Yolder, 2012). Even though the methods of analysis used by the author were simplistic and a more detailed analysis is possible on the available data, the results and the discussion made by the author seem to justify the use of such technique since they address the research question under study. The author further justifies his findings by quoting the existing research literature and the similarities in the research findings of the two. Moreover, the author also tries to account for the inconsistencies present in the findings of the studies made in this field. By doing this, author wants to make sure that any mistakes found in his findings by other researchers or scholars could be discounted as a generic phenomenon. Since at the time of writing of this article, the author was a PhD candidate at a university in Iran and the sample population was derived from 3 hospitals in Adelaide, Australia, there could have been a conflict of interest posed upon author by the study mentor or review board considering the research being conducted by the author in a foreign country. However, author has declared no conflict of interest in his article. Recommendations Relevant recommendations have been made throughout the article based on the gaps determined in the approach followed by author during the course of his study. Since further detailed analysis is possible on the available data and as per author, significant gap remains between the need for concrete result based studies and the existence of such studies, author should attempt conducting further detailed analysis of the data available. The author apart from studying the lags existent in the system could also have made recommendations on how to fill these gaps. For e.g., Sewell (1997) talks about continuous improvement and greater integration of quality efforts to improve the quality of healthcare delivered. An attempt to collaborate similar existing literature and its findings has been made by Gysels Higginson (2012). References Bahrami, M. (2010). Do nurses provide holistic care to cancer patients. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 15(4), 245-251. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3203285/ Hobbs, J. L. (2009). A dimensional analysis of patient-centered care. Nursing Research, 52-62. doi:10.1097/NNR.0b013e31818c3e79 Introduction to research. (n.d.). The advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires. Retrieved from https://libweb.surrey.ac.uk/library/skills/Introduction%20to%20Research%20and%20Managing%20Information%20Leicester/page_51.htm Key, J. P. (1997). Questionnaire and interview as data-gathering tools. Research Design in Occupational Education. Retrieved from https://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage16.htm King, C. R., Hinds, P. S. (2011). Quality of life: from nursing and patient perspectives. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Majid, S., Foo, S., Luyt, B., Zhang, X., Theng, Y.-L., Chang, Y.-K., Mokhtar, I. A. (2011). Adopting evidence-based practice in clinical decision making: nurses' perceptions, knowledge, and barriers. JMA, 99(3), 229-236. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.99.3.010 Morgan, S., Yoder, L. H. (2012). A concept analysis of person-centred care. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 30(1), 6-15. Gysels, M., Higginson, I. J. (2002). Improving supportive and palliative care for adults with cancer (Part A). Research evidence manual. Pelzang, R. (2010). Time to learn: understanding patient-centred care. British journal of nursing, 19(14). Porter, M. E. (2010). What is value in health care? New England Journal of Medicine, 363(26), 2477-2481. Sewell, N. (1997). Continuous quality improvement in acute health care: creating a holistic and integrated approach. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 10(1), 20-26. Young, J. M., Solomon, M. J. (2009). How to critically appraise an article. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology Hepatology, 6(2), 82-91.